Blueberry named &#39;Carteret&#39;

ABSTRACT

Vaccinium corymbosum  Linnaeus ‘Carteret’ is a new and distinct variety of blueberry that has the following unique combination of desirable features that are outstanding in a new variety. 1. Early-midseason ripening to follow ‘Reveille’. 2. Consistent very high yields of small to medium size fruit. 3. Very good picking scar, fruit color and quality. 4. Good fruit firmness and post harvest shelf-life. 5. Adaptation to mechanical harvesting for fresh fruit market outlets.

LATIN NAME OF THE GENUS AND SPECIES

The Latin name of the novel blueberry variety disclosed herein is Vaccinium corymbosum Linnaeus.

VARIETY DENOMINATION

The inventive cultivar of Vaccinium corymbosum disclosed herein has been given the variety denomination ‘Carteret’.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of Vaccinium corymbosum Linnaeus (blueberry) grown as a fruiting woody shrub for commercial agriculture. Blueberries are typically consumed both fresh and in a number of processed products.

The new and distinct variety of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum Linnaeus) originated from the hand pollinated cross of ‘Bounty’ (unpatented)×NC 2426 (unpatented) made in 1980 at the North Carolina State University greenhouses in Raleigh, N.C.

Seeds from this hand pollination were germinated in winter 1980/1981 in Raleigh, N.C., and 100 seedlings were established on the North Carolina State University Sandhills Research Station at Jackson Springs, N.C., in 1982. When the seedlings reached maturity in 1987, an elite genotype designated as NC 2925 was selected for its vigorous erect plant habit and superior productivity, color, picking scar, firmness and quality by James R. Ballington. Fruit firmness appeared sufficient that this genotype might be adapted to mechanical harvesting for fresh market outlets. It also possessed another attribute essential for adaptation to mechanical harvest for the fresh market, small to medium fruit size.

During 1988 the original seedling of NC 2925 was propagated by hardwood stem cuttings, and following rooting, single three plant plots were established on North Carolina State University Agricultural Research Service experiment stations located at Castle Hayne and Jackson Springs, N.C., in 1989. Based on its performance in these initial trials, in 1996 it was propagated again by stem cuttings and established in replicated trials at the Castle Hayne Research Station. It was also established in grower trials at Harrells, Ivanhoe, Rocky Point and White Lake, N.C., and at the University of Arkansas Research Station at Clarksville, Ark., in 2001, all under Memoranda of Agreements whereby the growers provided the land and care of the plants and North Carolina State University retained ownership of the variety. Plants and fruit of this new variety have remained true to type through these successive cycles of asexual propagation. This new variety has been named the ‘Carteret’ cultivar.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

‘Carteret’ is a new and distinct variety of blueberry that is adapted to mechanical harvest for the fresh market. It has very high yield potential, very good fruit quality and fruit color, an excellent picking scar and modest fruit size which is a requirement for adaptation to mechanical harvest for the fresh market in North Carolina. Fruit firmness was also sufficient for mechanical harvest for the fresh market. Post harvest shelf-life was equal to current named fresh market mechanical harvest adapted varieties when stored at 70° F. for seven days. Plants are vigorous and plant habit upright. Leaves are elliptic-obovate to elliptic in shape and both the leaf base and apex angles acute. The flowers are self-fertile and produce abundant pollen. ‘Carteret’ averaged 5.5 flowers per inflorescence, and the corolla is cylindro-urceolate in shape. The fruit is round-oblate in shape and the calyx prominent and held perpendicular to the fruit. The fruit ripens in early midseason. ‘Carteret’ is readily asexually propagated by either softwood or hardwood stem cuttings. It has not had any problems to date with either stem canker or stem blight, the two major diseases of commercial blueberries in North Carolina.

With regard to consistent differences between ‘Carteret’ and all four of the other varieties with which it was compared, the stem internode length of ‘Carteret’ was longer than ‘Beaufort’, and especially ‘Reveille’, ‘Pamlico’ and ‘Lenoir’. Average fruit yield was also higher than the other four varieties.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The photographs in the drawings were made using digital photography techniques, and illustrates the colors as true as reasonably possible when using these techniques. Colors in the photographs may differ slightly from the color values cited in the detailed botanical description, which accurately describe the colors of the new Vaccinium corymbosum variety. All photographs were taken from plants growing at the Castle Hayne Research Station, Castle Hayne, N.C.

FIG. 1 shows the typical plant habit of ‘Carteret’.

FIG. 2 shows the typical fruit of ‘Carteret’.

DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIETY

The following is a detailed botanical description of a new and distinct variety of Vaccinium corymbosum Linnaeus known as ‘Carteret’. The observations below are from mature plants grown in test plots at a standard commercial spacing of 4′ between plants in rows and 10′ between rows, at Castle Hayne, N.C. Those skilled in the art of cultivar description and evaluation will appreciate that certain characteristics of a variety will vary with older or, conversely, with younger plants. ‘Carteret’ has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. Where dimensions, sizes, colors and other characteristics are given, it is to be understood that such characteristics are approximations or averages set forth as accurately as practicable. The phenotype of the variety may differ from the descriptions herein with variations in the environment such as season, temperature, light intensity, day length and cultural conditions. Color notations are based on The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, The Royal Horticultural Society, London, UK, 1995 edition.

For botanical description purposes, ‘Carteret’ was compared to the early ripening fresh market mechanical harvest adapted cultivar ‘Reveille’ (unpatented) and to three recent fresh market mechanical harvest adapted cultivars, ‘Beaufort’ (plant patent to be applied for), ‘Lenoir’ (unpatented) and ‘Pamlico’ (unpatented). The botanical descriptive data presented are averages of data collected from mature nine year old plants growing in a replicated trial at the Castle Hayne Research Station, Castle Hayne, N.C., in 2005. The exception to using average values was with seed numbers where these were determined from a representative fruit of each cultivar.

-   Plant:     -   -   Dimensions.—Carteret — 1.4 m height, 1.1 m diameter, H/D             ratio 1.27. Reveille — 1.4 m height, 1.2 m diameter, H/D             ratio 1.17. Pamlico — 1.3 m height, 1.2 m diameter, H/D             ratio 1.08. Lenoir — 1.4 m height, 1.2 m diameter, H/D ratio             1.17. Beaufort.— 1.4 m height, 1.1 m diameter, H/D ratio             1.27.         -   Growth habit.—Upright for Carteret, Reveille, Lenoir and             Beaufort Semi-upright for Pamlico.         -   Vigor.—Very good for Carteret, Reveille and Beaufort Good             for Pamlico and Lenoir.         -   Mature cane diameter.—Carteret — 4.4 cm Reveille — 4.4 cm             Pamlico — 3.1 cm Lenoir — 4.2 cm Beaufort — 3.2 cm.         -   Mature cane length.—Carteret — 1.1 m Reveille — 1.1 m             Pamlico — 1.0 m Lenoir — 1.1 m Beaufort — 1.1 m.         -   Internode length on first flush growth.—Carteret — 13.0 cm             Reveille — 7.5 cm Pamlico — 8.0 cm Lenoir — 9.0 cm Beaufort             — 10.0 cm.         -   Number of renewal stems.—Carteret — 1.0 Reveille — 0.5             Pamlico — 2.0 Lenoir — 2.0 Beaufort — 1.0.         -   Dormant mature stem color.—Gray-brown (RHS 199C) for             Carteret, Reveille, Pamlico and Beaufort. Gray-brown (RHS             199C-199D) for Lenoir.         -   Dormant one year stem color.—Carteret — red (RHS 46A) on all             surfaces. Reveille — red (RHS 46A) on all surfaces. Pamlico             — red (RHS 46B) on the exposed surface, yellow-green (RHS             146C) on the unexposed surface. Lenoir — red (RHS 46A) on             the exposed surface, yellow-green (RHS 146C-147C) on the             unexposed surface. Beaufort — red (RHS 46A) on the exposed             surface, yellow-orange (RHS 22A) on the unexposed surface.         -   First flush growth stem color in summer.—Carteret —             yellow-green (RHS 145A) Reveille — green (RHS 138C) Pamlico             — yellow-green (RHS 145B) Lenoir — yellow-green (RHS 147C)             Beaufort — yellow-green (RHS 145B).         -   Pubescence on summer and one year dormant stems.—No stem             pubescence on Carteret, Reveille, Pamlico, Lenoir, or             Beaufort. -   Leaves:     -   -   Leaf blade dimensions.—Carteret — length 61 mm, width 35 mm,             L/W ratio 1.74. Reveille — length 44 mm, width 20 mm, L/W             ratio 2.20. Pamlico — length 60 mm, width 22 mm, L/N ratio             2.73. Lenoir — length 61 mm, width 33 mm, L/W ratio 1.85.             Beaufort — length 66 mm, width 29 mm, L/W ratio 2.28.         -   Leaf petiole length.—Carteret — 4 mm Reveille — 2 mm Pamlico             — 4 mm Lenoir — 3 mm Beaufort — 4 mm.         -   Leaf shape.—Carteret — elliptic-obovate to elliptic.             Reveille — narrowly elliptic to narrowly elliptic-obovate.             Pamlico — narrowly elliptic. Lenoir — elliptic to elliptic             obovate. Beaufort — narrowly elliptic.         -   Leaf apex angle.—Acute for Carteret, Reveille, Pamlico and             Beaufort. Acuminate for Lenoir.         -   Leaf base angle.—Acute for Carteret, Reveille, Pamlico,             Lenoir and Beaufort.         -   Leaf margin.—Mainly entire, but with occasional irregular             serrulations for Carteret. Entire for Reveille, Pamlico,             Lenoir and Beaufort.         -   Leaf pubescence.—None for Carteret, Reveille, Pamlico,             Lenoir and Beaufort.         -   Leaf glands.—None for Carteret, Reveille, Pamlico, Lenoir             and Beaufort.         -   Leaf color.—The adaxial leaf surface color is green (RHS             137A-137B) and the abaxial surface color also green (RHS             138B) for Carteret and Pamlico. The adaxial surface color is             green (RHS 137A) and the abaxial color green (RHS 138B) for             Lenoir. The adaxial surface color is green (RHS 139A) and             the abaxial color green (RHS 138C) for Reveille and             Beaufort. -   Flowers:     -   -   Number of petals.—Five, fused into a corolla tube.         -   Number of flowers per inflorescence.—Carteret — 5.5 Reveille             — 4.0 Pamlico — 4.0 Lenoir — 5.0 Beaufort — 3.0.         -   Flower dimensions.—Carteret, Pamlico, Lenoir and Beaufort —             length 9.0 mm, diameter 5.0 mm, L/D ratio 1.8. Reveille —             length 9.0 mm, diameter 7.0 mm, L/D ratio 1.3.         -   Length of the single style.—Carteret and Beaufort — 8.0 mm             Reveille, Pamlico and Lenoir — 9.0 mm.         -   Flower shape.—Carteret, Pamlico, Lenoir and Beaufort —             cylindro-urceolate Reveille — urceolate.         -   Flower color.—Carteret — red-purple (RHS 73C) on the fused             petal lobes just prior to opening, fading to all white (RHS             155D) on fully open flowers. Reveille — red-purple (RHS 63B)             on the exposed side and all lobes of the flowers just prior             to opening, fading to all white (RHS 155B) on fully open             flowers. Pamlico — red-purple (RHS 62D) on the basal half of             the flowers just prior to opening, fading to all white (RHS             155D) on fully open flowers. Lenoir — red-purple (RHS 62C)             on the basal half of flowers just prior to opening, fading             to all white (RHS 155C) on fully open flowers. Beaufort —             white (RHS 155D) just prior to opening and on fully open             flowers. -   Fruit:     -   -   Fruit dimensions.—Carteret — length 15 mm, diameter 18 mm,             L/D ratio 0.83. Reveille — length 15 mm, diameter 16 mm, L/D             ratio 0.94. Pamlico — length 13 mm, diameter 15 mm, L/D             ratio 0.87. Lenoir — length 12 mm, diameter 17 mm, L/D ratio             0.71. Beaufort — length 13 mm, diameter 16 mm, L/D ratio             0.81.         -   Fruit shape.—Carteret — round-oblate Reveille — round             Pamlico — round-oblate Lenoir — oblate Beaufort —             round-oblate.         -   Fruit pedicel length.—Carteret — 4 mm Reveille — 4 mm             Pamlico — 6 mm Lenoir — 8 mm Beaufort — 7 mm.         -   Fruit picking scar.—Carteret — 1.0 mm diameter, dry Reveille             — 1.0 mm diameter, dry Pamlico — 1.0 mm diameter, dry Lenoir             — 2.0 mm diameter, dry Beaufort — 1.5 mm diameter, dry.         -   Fruit calyx orientation and prominence.—Perpendicular             (protruding) and prominent for Carteret and Pamlico.             Appressed against the apical end of the fruit and not             prominent for Reveille, Lenoir and Beaufort.         -   Fruit color with bloom (epicuticular wax).—Carteret —             violet-blue (RHS 97C) (FIG. 2) Reveille — violet-blue (RHS             97B-97C)) Pamlico — violet-blue (RHS 97D) Lenoir —             violet-blue (RHS 97B) Beaufort — violet-blue (RHS 97C).         -   Fruit color without bloom.—Black (RHS 202A) for Carteret,             Reveille, Pamlico, Lenoir and Beaufort. -   Seeds:     -   -   Number of fully developed seeds per berry.—Carteret — 32             Reveille — 36 Pamlico — 29 Lenoir — 22 Beaufort — 44.         -   Seed dimensions.—Carteret — length 1.50 mm, width 1.00 mm,             L/W ratio 1.5. Reveille — length 1.25 mm, width 1.00 mm, L/W             ratio 1.2. Pamlico — length 1.50 mm, width 1.00 mm, L/W             ratio 1.5. Lenoir — length 1.50 mm, width 0.75 mm, L/W ratio             2.0. Beaufort — length 1.25 mm, width 1.00 mm, L/W ratio             1.2.         -   Seed shape.—Basically depressed-ovate for Carteret,             Reveille, Pamlico, Lenoir and Beaufort. The technical             (pomological) descriptive data comparing ‘Carteret’ to             ‘Reveille’, ‘Pamlico’, ‘Lenoir’ and ‘Beaufort’ at Castle             Hayne, N.C., is presented in Tables 2-7, except for time of             flowering, where the data was more representative from             Jackson Springs, N.C., in 1992 (Table 1).

Time of flowering: Carteret was very similar to Pamlico for dates of first bloom and 50% bloom (Table 1). It was also similar to Reveille and Beaufort for date of first bloom, but about 9 days earlier for date of 50% bloom. It was 11 days earlier than Lenoir for date of first bloom and 10 days earlier for date of 50% bloom. TABLE 1 Time of flowering of blueberry cultivars at Jackson Springs, NC, in 1992. Cultivar Date of first bloom Date of 50% bloom Carteret 3/12 4/1  Reveille 3/12 4/9  Pamlico 3/12 4/3  Lenoir 3/23 4/11 Beaufort 3/12 4/10

-   Pollination requirements: The flowers of Carteret are self-fertile. -   Pollen production: Carteret flowers produce abundant pollen.

Season of ripening: With regard to ripening season, Carteret ripened in the same season as Pamlico and Lenoir at Castle Hayne, N.C. (Table 2). It was later than Reveille and earlier than Beaufort. Carteret is a good variety to interplant with Lenoir. It ripens with the latter variety and overlaps sufficiently in bloom with it to provide cross-pollination (Table 1) since Lenoir is not self-fertile. TABLE 2 Season of ripening for blueberry cultivars at Castle Hayne, NC. Cumulative percent ripe by June eighth¹ Cultivar 1999 2000 2001 Average Carteret 38 74 43 52 Reveille 79 100 91 90 Pamlico 38 74 43 52 Lenoir 38 70 43 50 Beaufort 29 55 33 39 ¹Percent ripe after the first two weeks of the season.

Yield per plant: Yield of Carteret was excellent, it was significantly higher than the other four varieties in 1999 (Table 3). It was also higher in 2001, but not significantly higher than Pamlico and Lenoir. Yield was not representative in 2000 because the harvest method (catch frames and rubber hoses) resulted in a high percentage of fruit falling to the ground rather than into the catch frames. The overall average yield of Carteret was also higher than the other four varieties. TABLE 3 Yield of blueberry cultivars at Castle Hayne, NC. Yield (lbs./plant)¹ Cultivar 1999 2000² 2001 Average Carteret 14.0a 3.3bc 14.3a 10.5 Reveille  5.9cd 2.4c  8.8c 5.7 Pamlico  7.7bcd 4.6a 11.6ab 8.0 Lenoir  5.9cd 4.4ab 12.5ab 7.6 Beaufort  8.6bc 3.3bc 10.8bc 7.5 ¹Values not followed by the same letter(s) are significantly different at the 0.05 level (Duncan's Multiple Range Test). ²Yield adversely affected by harvest method (catch frames and rubber hoses).

Fruit size (weight per berry): There were few differences between Carteret and the other four varieties for fruit size (Table 4). This is not surprising since all were originally selected for adaptation to mechanical harvest for the fresh market, which dictates that the fruit size be modest to minimize damage to the fruit during the harvesting process. TABLE 4 Fruit size of blueberry cultivars at Castle Hayne, NC. Fruit size (weight per berry in grams)¹ Cultivar 1999 2000 2001 Average Carteret 1.22 1.30 1.15abc 1.22 Reveille 1.31 1.27 1.14abc 1.24 Pamlico 1.27 1.25 0.96cd 1.16 Lenoir 1.34 1.22 1.12bc 1.23 Beaufort 1.26 1.27 1.10bcd 1.21 ¹Values not followed by the same letter(s) are significantly different at the 0.05 level (Duncan's Multiple Range Test).

Fruit color: In addition to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, fruit color was also determined objectively with a Minolta Color Meter (Table 5), and these data indicated that Carteret was equal to all varieties with which it was compared except Pamlico. TABLE 5 Fruit color and fruit firmness of blueberry cultivars at Castle Hayne, NC. Color^(1,2) Firmness^(1,3) Cultivar 2001 1999 2001 Carteret 18.1cd 118c 144d Reveille 20.2abc 173a 216a Pamlico 22.6a 124c 172c Lenoir 14.1d 124c 176bc Beaufort 18.8bc 142b 190b ¹Values not followed by the same letter(s) are significantly different at the 0.05 level (Duncan's Multiple Range Test). ²Color (lightness or “L” values) determined objectively by a Minolta Color Meter. Higher values indicate lighter blue color. ³Fruit firmness determined objectively using a Firm-tech Firmness Tester.

-   Fruit firmness: Fruit firmness determined by a Firm-tech Firmness     Tester demonstrated that Carteret was equal to Pamlico and Lenoir,     but inferior to Reveille and Beaufort in 1999 (Table 5). It was     inferior to all the other varieties for fruit firmness in 2001,     however it was still firm enough to mechanically harvest for the     fresh market.

Fruit flavor: Subjective ratings for flavor indicated that Carteret was equal to Reveille and Beaufort in 1999 and superior to Pamlico and Lenoir (Table 6). It was only a 72 for flavor in 2000, which indicates that fruit quality may have been more adversely affected by the rubber hose fruit removal system than the other varieties. Carteret was equal to all varieties but Reveille for flavor in 2001. TABLE 6 Fruit flavor of blueberry cultivars at Castle Hayne, NC. Flavor^(1,2) Cultivar 1999 2000 2001 Carteret 79a 72f 78bc Reveille 80a 79a 80a Pamlico 76b 74e 79ab Lenoir 75b 76bcd 79ab Beaufort 80a 78ab 79ab ¹Values not followed by the same letter(s) are significantly different at the 0.05 level (Duncan's Multiple Range Test). ²Subjective ratings based on a 0-90 scale, where less than 60 is unsatisfactory, 60-69 is satisfactory, 70-79 is average to good, and 80 and above superior.

Post harvest shelf-life: Carteret was not equal to Reveille, Pamlico and Lenoir for percent marketable fruit after seven days storage at 50° F. (Table 7). It was equal to these three varieties when held at 70° F. for seven days. Carteret was superior to Beaufort for post harvest shelf-life at both temperatures. TABLE 7 Post harvest shelf-life of the fruit of blueberry cultivars at Castle Hayne, NC, in 2001. Percent marketable fruit after seven days¹ Cultivar 50° F. 70° F. Carteret 62b 44a Reveille 81a 48a Pamlico 77a 38a Lenoir 83a 44a Beaufort 52c  8b ¹Values not followed by the same letter(s) are significantly different at the 0.05 level (Duncan's Multiple Range Test).

-   Propagation: Carteret is easily propagated asexually by both     hardwood and softwood stem cuttings. -   Disease reaction: Carteret has not had any problems with either of     the two major diseases affecting blueberries in North Carolina, stem     canker (Botryosphaeria corticis) and stem blight (Botryospheria     dothidea). -   Herbarium voucher: A voucher of Carteret will be deposited in the     Herbarium of North Carolina State University (NCSU) in Raleigh,     N.C., USA upon patenting. 

1. A new and distinct variety of commercial blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum Linnaeus) substantially as illustrated and described, characterized by its early-midseason ripening, very high yields, very good picking scar, fruit quality, and color, good firmness and post harvest shelf-life, small to medium fruit size, and adaptation to mechanical harvest for fresh fruit market outlets. 